Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and reviseded.). vol. The greater part of the country which formed Assyria Proper is under the nominal sway of the Turks, who compose a considerable proportion of the population of the towns and larger villages, filling nearly all public offices, and differing in nothing from other Osmanlis. The knowledge of this fact may have led Herodotus into his error; for he would naturally suppose that, when Babylon became free, there was a general dissolution of the empire. [32] The passage describes relationships between clans and regions in terms of genealogical relationships, personifying them as if individual persons. For the historical views, see Rawlinson's Herodotus, vol. These traditions may none of them be altogether trustworthy; but their coincidence is at least remarkable, and seems to show that about the middle of the eighth century B.C. See also the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. high, exalted, and think it may have been part of the title which the Assyrian monarchs bore. Thus Isaiah (Isa 8:20) describes the Assyrians as those " beyond the river," i.e. [15] In both genealogies, Eshban is identified as the son of Dishon, the son of Anah, the son of Zibeon, the son of Seir the Horite. The general character of the circumstances narrated, combined with a certain degree of resemblance in the names-for Belochus is close upon Phaloch, and Beletaras may represent the second element in TigIath-Pileser (who in the inscriptions is called "Tiglath-Palatsira")-induce a suspicion that probably the Pul or Phaloch of Scripture was really the last king of the old monarchy, and that TiglathPileser II, his successor, was the founder of what has been called the "Lower Empire." [19] Thomas Kelly Cheyne wrote that the name "Keilah the Garmite" may have been a mistaken form of the originally intended "Keilah the Calebite."[19]. Because of this parallel between Zemarites and Gammadim, as well as the similarities in appearance of the two words as written in the consonantal Hebrew text, Thomas Kelly Cheyne believed that the current text of Ezekiel only has "Gammadims" as a result of a scribal error, and that Ezekiel 27:11 originally read "Zemarites. 625, or a little earlier, laid final siege to the capital. Gradually its limits were extended, until it came to be regarded as comprising the whole region between the Armenian mountains (lat. 715) SEE SARGON; and as Tartan is elsewhere spoken of (2Ki 18:17) as a general of Sennacherib, some have supposed that Sargon is but another name of that monarch, while others would identify him either with Shalmaneser, or with Esarhaddon, Sennacherib's successor. 1848); Lowenstein, Essai de. [20] Both instances are in copies of a list which claims to contain the family names of people who returned from the Babylonian captivity to Yehud Medinata. i, 9), made scarcely any military expeditions, but occupied almost his whole time in the enjoyment of the pleasures of the chase. Its limestone rooks, wooded here and there with dwarf oak, are of a rich golden color; and the numberless ravines which furrow its sides form ribs of deep purple shadow" (Layard, Nineveh and Babylon, p. 265). For the possible biblical clan-name Ginnath, see Ginath. That Ctesias (ap. 1Sa 15:6), till they finally shared the fate of the Transjordanite tribes, and were swept away into captivity by the Assyrians (1Ch 5:26; 2Ki 16:9; 2Ki 19:12-13; 1Ch 2:55.) Polyhistor also implies it (ap. M is for musical, your hidden talent! The sons of Senaah (Hebrew bnei Senaah or bnei ha-Senaah) are a group who appear in Ezra and Nehemiah, in two versions of a list of returnees from the Babylonian captivity. He would thus, it appears, have assigned to the foundation of the Assyrian empire a date not very greatly anterior to B.C. This "Elead" may possibly be a repetition of the same name. They were a Semitic race, originally resident in Babylonia (which at that time was Cushite), and thus acquainted with the Babylonian inventions and discoveries, who ascended the valley of the Tigris and established in the tract immediately below the Armenian mountains a separate and distinct nationality. ); but they have unluckily not been preserved to us. SEE JONAH. Ezekiel, writing in B.C. In the lists of clans in Ezra 2 and Nehemiah 7, the "descendants of Shalmai" (literally, "sons of Shalmai") are listed as one of the groups who returned from the Babylonian captivity to Judah (Ezra 2:46, Nehemiah 7:48). Two individuals are identified by the term "Pelonite" in the Hebrew Bible: Ahijah the Pelonite and Helez the Pelonite, both found in the Chronicles versions of the list of David's Mighty Warriors (1 Chronicles 11:27, 36; 27:10). Finally, Ezra 2:50 and the parallel passage in Nehemiah 7:52 list Meunim among groups of Nethinim returning to Yehud Medinata following the end of the Babylonian captivity. Whether mere natural increase, or whether fresh immigrations from the east had raised the Median nation at this time so far above its former condition, it is impossible to determine. 9:14), and Herodotus himself admitted that Sennacherib invaded Egypt (ii, 141). Gammadim (KJV Gammadims) are a group or class of people mentioned only in Ezekiel 27:11, in a passage which lists them, along with various other groups of people, as defenders of Tyre. The history of the kings of Israel and Judah sufficiently illustrates the tendency in question, which required to be met by checks and remedies of the severest character. Japhlet is the name given to a clan in the Tribe of Asher. For the location, see. (Par. Its area would thus a little exceed 100,000 square miles, or about equal that of Italy. By what circumstances this people, who had so long been engaged in contests with the Assyrians, and had hitherto shown themselves so utterly unable to resist them, became suddenly strong enough to assume an aggressive attitude, and to force the Ninevites to submit to a siege, can only be conjectured. to S.W. The later kings of the series are only known to us as the ancestors of the two great monarchs Sardanapalus the first and his son, Shalmaneser or Shalmanubar, who were among the most warlike of the Assyrian princes. 1273 to B.C. [25] The name might mean "crooked."[25]. For a detailed account of the actions of these kings, see each name in its place. In attempting to arrange even the facts deducible from Scripture, a difficulty presents itself at the outset, arising from the ambiguity of the account given of the origin of the earliest Assyrian state in Ge 10:11. No doubt the military spirit rapidly decayed under such a ruler; and the advent of fresh enemies, synchronizing with this decline, produced the ruin of a power which had for six centuries been dominant in Western Asia. Its site is believed to have been on the east bank of the Tigris, opposite the modern town of Mosul, where there is now a small town called Nebbi Yunus (i.e. ap. In Abraham's time (B.C. At times, they are not listed along with the other Canaanite tribes inhabiting the Holy Land; according to some, such as Rashi,[21] this is because they left the Land of Israel before the Israelites returned from Egypt. 11). The chief cities of Assyria in the time of its greatness appear to be the following: Nineveh, which is marked by the mounds opposite Mosul (Nebbi-Yunus and Kouyunjik); Calah or Halah, now Nimrud; Asshur, now Kaleh Sherghat; Sargina, or Dur-Sargina, now Khorsabad; Arbela, still Arbil; Opis, at the junction of the Diyaleh with the Tigris; and Sittace, a little farther down the latter river, if this place should not rather be reckoned to Babylonia. In 2 Chronicles 26:7, the Meunim appear in a list of Philistine peoples conquered by king Uzziah. A full list of the biblical references: Ezra 2:55, 58; Nehemiah 7:57, 60; 11:3. His son and grandson followed in his steps, but scarcely equalled his glory. [41], "Eliel the Mahavite" (Hebrew eliel hammahavim) is a figure who appears in some translations[42] of the Bible at 1 Chronicles 11:46. On the west this country is skirted by the great river Tigris, the Hiddekel of the Hebrews (Ge 2:14; Da 10:4), the Dijlah of the Arabs, noted for the impetuosity of its current. Under him there were provisional satraps, called in Isa 10:8, 'princes," of the rank and power of ordinary kings (Diod. The most remarkable monarch of the series was called Tiglath-Pileser. No certain traces of it, indeed, are to be found in Scripture for ages after its erection. Hist. "This place is now unknown". The truth is (as is remarked by the judicious Heeren), that the accounts of both these historians are little better than mere traditions of ancient heroes and heroines (witness the fables about Semiramis! Hales regards him as the first Sardanapalus. i, 106 and 184) has likewise entirely perished, and neither Greek nor Oriental sources are available to supply the loss, which has hitherto proved irreparable. His attack on Egypt may have arisen from the jealousy which the Assyrians entertained of that nation's influence over Palestine ever since the negotiation between its king So, and Hoshea, king of Israel. SEE ADIABENE. Jakim is a Priestly division mentioned in 1 Chronicles 24:12. The name might either identify him as coming from the location Beth Pelet (Hebrew for "House of Pelet"), or else might identify him as a member of the clan named Pelet, identified with Caleb in 1 Chronicles 2:47.[47]. 46.). [4], In the King James Version of the Bible, people known as "Chemarims" (Hebrew kemarim) are mentioned in Zephaniah 1:4 as people to be punished by God for their associations with idolatry. All over this vast flat, on both sides of the Tigris, rise "grass-covered heaps, marking the site of ancient habitations" (Layard, p. 245). The history of Hezekiah would seem, however, to show that the rule, if resisted, was not rigidly enforced; for it cannot be supposed that he would have consented to re-establish the idolatry which he had removed, yet he certainly came to terns with Sennacherib, and resumed his position of tributary (2Ki 18:14). Assyr. It likewise agrees with the native tradition (if we can depend on the report of Ctesias), that the founder of the Assyrian monarchy and the builder of Nineveh was one and the same person, viz., Ninus, from whom it derived its name (q. d. Nin's Abode), and in that case the designation of Nimrod (the Rebel) was not his proper name, but an opprobrious appellation imposed on him by his enemies. SEE ASSHUR. and its Remains, vol. Besides the dwellers in towns and the agricultural population, there are a vast number of wandering tribes, not only of Kurds, but of Arabs, Turkomans, and other classes of robbers, who, by keeping the settled inhabitants in constant dread of property and life, check every effort at improvement; and, in consequence of this and the influence of bad government, many of the finest portions of the country are little better than unproductive wastes. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, McClintock and Strong Cyclopedia book module. These forms appear in two forms of a list of people brought by Ezra from the exile in Babylonia to their homeland in Yehud Medinata. This page was last modified on July 19, 2017 at 03:15 AM. North-east of it lay Arbelitis, in which was Arbela (now Arbil, of which see an account in Rich's Kurdistan, ii, 14; and Appendix, No. i; Fergusson, Palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis (Lond. [36], Lahad, only mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:2, is the name given for a clan within the Tribe of Judah.[37]. See Shaalbim. [7] While the passage containing "Cheran" is written as though it were a genealogy of individuals, it expresses the relationship between various Horite clans as they understood by the writer of Genesis.[8]. [10] It is still uncertain exactly how the Chronicler intended for the names in verses 20 and 21 to relate to one another. 33 30'). The Gammadim are listed alongside Arvadites in Ezekiel, just as the Zemarites (Hebrew Tsemarim) are listed alongside Avadites in Genesis 10:18. David's friend Hushai was an Arkite (2 Samuel 15:32). In Scripture there is mention'of Nisroch (Isa 37:38), Adrammelech, Anammelech, Nibhaz, Tartak (2Ki 17:31), as the names of idols worshipped by the natives either of Assyria Proper or of the adjacent countries which they had subdued, besides planets (see Gesenius, Zu .Jesaias, ii, 347). Sinites were a people descended from Canaan, son of Ham, according to Genesis 10:17 and 1 Chronicles 1:15. In any case it must be understood that the worship which the conquerors introduced was not intended to supersede the religion of the conquered race, but was only required to be superadded as a mark and badge of subjection. 1273 as that from which the 526 years of Berosus are to be reckoned (Rerum Assyriarum Tempora Emendata, p. 17). After a period of anarchy, the length of which he does not estimate, the Median kingdom was formed, 179 years before the death of Cyrus, or B.C. (6.) Euseb. 770, in the twentieth year of Pul's reign, the commencement of which he fixes in the year B.C. Information sourced from Strong's Concordance[1]. i, 9). The more modest account of Herodotus is at once more probable in itself, more agreeable to Scripture, and more in accordance with the native writer Berosus. SwordSearcher Bible Software. I is for immaculate, keeping it tidy. Nat. Euseb. Sac. If B.C. In Aramsean it is called Chadyab or Hadyab. Hellan. Because of the earlier form "Paltite," which is likely related to Beth Pelet and/or Pelet, most scholars believe that Pelonite is a scribal error, and that "Paltite" is the original term.[49]. According to Ptolemy, Assyria was in his day bounded on the north by Armenia, the Gordieean or Carduchian mountains, especially by Mount Niphates; on the west by the River Tigris and Mesopotamia; on the south by Susiana, or Chuzistan, in Persia, and by Babylonia; and on the east by a part of Media, and Mounts Choathras and Zagros (Ptolemy, 6:1; Pliny, Hist. v. 5). South of this lay the two provinces of Apolloniatis and Sittacene. Though the term "Asshurim" might as such refer to the Assyrians //christianbookshelf.org/leupold/exposition of genesis volume 1/chapter xxv.htm, Leummim (1 Occurrence)/l/leummim.htm - 7k, Letu'shim (1 Occurrence)Letu'shim. The form "Haruphite" is used in the Qere, or the form of the text as traditionally read out loud in synagogues. Talent for drama, natural born actor. By an inscription repeated more than a hundred times upon its sculptures we learn that Sardanapalus carried his arms far and wide through Western Asia, warring on the one hand in Lower Babylonia and Chaldea, on the other in Syria and upon the coast of the Mediterranean. In Herodotus (i, 7), Ninus, the mythic founder of Nineveh, is the son (descendant) of Belus, the mythic founder of Babylon-a tradition in which the derivation of Assyria from Babylon, and the greater antiquity and superior position of the latter in early times, are shadowed forth sufficiently. Click on the 'Strong's Concordance Details' button for more information including related verses. A tribe inhabiting the plain of Esdraelon. Sardanapalus the first, who appears to have been the warlike Sardanapalus of the Greeks (Suidas, s.v. One writer, Dionysius Periegetes (v, 975), applies the designation of Assyria even to Asia Minor, as far as the Black Sea. (See Grant's Nestorians, p. This brought against him Sennacherib with a mighty host, which, without difficulty, subdued the fenced cities of Judah, and compelled him to purchase peace by the payment of a large tribute. And the sons of Dedan were Asshurim, and Letushim, and Leummim. Their modes of writing and building, the form and size of their bricks, their architectural ornamentation, their religion and worship, in a great measure, were drawn from Babylon, which they always regarded as a sacred land the original seat of their nation, and the true home of all their gods, with the one exception of Asshur. J. Perkins, ib. A person by the name of Pedaiah, described as a "son of Parosh" appears in Nehemiah 3:25, is listed among those who helped rebuild the wall of Jerusalem. Niebuhr himself observes (Vortrige uber alte Geschichte, i, 38) that, after the revolution, Assyria soon "recovered herself, and displayed the most extraordinary energy." The latest sculptures, which are those in the hunting-palace of the son of Esarhaddon, are decidedly the best. 5. 1. The Malchielites were a group within the Tribe of Asher, who according to 1 Chronicles 7:31, were descended from Asher's grandson Malchiel. Dhab, i.e. The language did not belong to the Semitic, but to the MedoPersian family. 9) mentions Ashur as one of the nations leagued against Israel; but as the date of that composition is unknown, nothing certain can be founded on it. Apharsathchites, according to Ezra 4:9, were among the groups of people who wrote a letter to the Persian emperor in opposition to the rebuilding of Jerusalem. Click to pin the displayed definition in place. A company of the colonists whom the Assyrian king planted in Samaria (Ezra 5:67). However, due to the plural form of the word translated Mahavite, the Encyclopaedia Biblica suggests that some mistake has occurred at some point in the history of the text, and that the translation "Eliel the Mahavite" "cannot be legitimately obtained from the present state of the text."[43]. ii, ch. S is for select, as few are chosen. i, 102), the Hebrew name being supposed to denote "the abode of Ninus," the founder of the empire. [59], This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Easton, Matthew George (1897).
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